부산대 외국인교수 ˂박근혜의 대통령직은 표류중˃

Park Geun-Hye has been president of South Korea for just over two years, with almost three still go, and the emerging consensus here (I'm writing from South Korea) is that her presidency is already adrift.

It is not a catastrophe – she is not the George W. Bush of Korea – but it is flailing, opaque, and unfocused. Her administration's endless staffing controversies and scandals have become emblematic. In January, after less than two years on the job, her approval rating had fallen below 30% – an astonishing collapse so early in a presidency.

Park's curious inactivity, due to both the paralysis of scandal, and her own apparent unwillingness or inability to push major change, is becoming increasingly obvious. Unless Park takes some bold steps soon, her presidency is likely to go down as a caretaker one. She is becoming a bland, centre-right defender of the status quo, guarding extant structures that may have served Korea well in the past but most agree need reform today.

Much of Park's trouble stems from the obvious contrast between how she ran for president, and how she has governed. Her predecessor was an unpopular neoliberal conservative. In order to win, her campaign broke with that, running towards the social democratic centre. It claimed that a Park presidency would make the economy fairer (wealth inequality has become a large issue in Korea lately), expand welfare state support, especially for the elderly, and discipline Korea's largest corporations (the chaebol), who often act above the law (well-illustrated in the recent hubris of the so-called 'nut rage' chaebol scion). All of this was captured in the trendy phrase of Korean politics in 2012, 'economic democratisation'.

But Park's domestic coalition has little interest in liberalising, social democratic change, and Park herself is very much a product of the conservative-industrial deep state of Korea. In one of the first posts I wrote for The Interpreter, I argued that she was unlikely to shake-up Korea because she comes from the very domestic coalition that benefits from the status quo.

Her father was an earlier dictator of Korea (Park Chung-Hee), strongly associated with both rapid growth and authoritarian politics. His policies helped create the chaebol (as rough Korean analogues to Japan's earlier zaibatsu). Park the daughter has, unsurprisingly, not wandered far from this script. She has cracked down on the media and a left-wing party, and in her inauguration she promised another 'miracle on the Han.' (The Han River bisects Seoul, and the expression 'miracle on the Han' is a self-congratulatory Korean coinage for the country's rapid modernisation under her father.) But instead of desperately-needed reform of, say, education, child-care, trade policy, or corporate governance, she has offered more of the old technocratic-developmentalist recipe of her father, as if it is still 1975: five-year plans, government investment, more fetishising of the trade surplus, soft loans for the chaebol, and so on.

But this is precisely what Park's coalition wants.

The chaebol have traditionally been closest to Korea's conservatives and their central political objective for decades has been to fend off serious anti-trust action. And Park was always a curious (read: unlikely) figure to take on these elephants of old Korea which her father helped create. Besides big industry, her other large block of support is the elderly. The strongest correlation of voting for Park in 2012 was age. To elderly Koreans, the miracle on the Han and the chaebol are symbols of the glory days. For such voters, the concerns of modern liberalism – such as specious media prosecutions for defamation, or the constitutional destruction of an elected political party – are less pressing, or perhaps just par for the course for a generat

ion who remember Park Chung-Hee. Whereas young Koreans are deeply ambivalent about Park Chung-Hee because of the dictatorship, older Koreans are less so.

With a coalition like this, it would have been amazing had Park pushed through modernising changes. She has occasionally tried to make the right noises. For example, she has called on Korea to become a 'creative economy', in recognition that the industrial chaebol represent a manufacturing past increasingly out of step with an information economy future. But unsurprisingly, she has sought to stimulate this the old-fashioned way – with state-led monies for approved firms. This is hardly the way to create Silicon Valley in Korea; no one ever created a cool new gadget with a government bureaucrat looking over their shoulder.

And the list goes on: Park promised to expand the geriatric welfare state without raising taxes, which, not surprisingly, has proven impossible. Economic democratisation (reducing inequality, reining in the chaebol) is no longer even talked about in the press. Despite being the first female president, Park has done nothing to fix Korea's crashing birth rate. Yet again unwilling to challenge Korean industry, she has not pushed for at-work daycare or maternity leave laws. After the Sewol ferry sank, Park proposed tepid reforms of the corporate mismanagement that led to the ferry being routinely overloaded and a threat to passengers. When criticised for the weak response, Park retreated into the opaque silence that has often characterised her administration.

Because her presidency will only last three more years, Park need not push much. She can coast, and should North Korea act out, her numbers will likely improve. Korea's structural rigidities (rapid ageing, education conformity, ballooning consumer debt, and so on) will likely not boil over on her watch. But it is a shame to see all these serious problems kicked down the road to the next president.

Robert E Kelly